Researchers from Pennslyvania State University have outlined how they have developed a material that can mimic the behaviour of the extra-cellular matrix (ECM) to heal wounds after tissue damage.   

Published in Material Horizons in February 2025, the authors explain how they aimed to develop acellular nanocomposite living hydrogels with nonlinear mechanics and self-healing properties. 

They said, “Inspired by the mechanical behavior of ECMs, we develop acellular nanocomposite living hydrogels (LivGels), comprising network-forming biopolymers and anisotropic hairy nanoparticle linkers that mimic the dynamic mechanical properties of living counterparts. 

We show that a bifunctional dynamic linker nanoparticle (nLinker), bearing semi-flexible aldehyde- and carboxylate-modified cellulose chains attached to rigid cellulose nanocrystals converts bulk hydrogels to ECM-like analogues via ionic and dynamic covalent hydrazone bonds. The nLinker not only enables the manipulation of nonlinear mechanics and stiffness within the biological window, but also imparts self-healing to the LivGels.” 

While previous synthetic alternatives raised concerns about biocompatibility, these hydrogels have avoided synthetic polymers entirely. Additionally, testing has shown that they can quickly recover their structure after experiencing high strain. 

The researchers believe these gels could be used across medicine – potentially acting as scaffolds for tissue repair in regenerative medicine and providing a more realistic model for testing new medications in drug development.  

Co-researcher on the study Amir Sheikhi said, ““Our next steps include optimising LivGels for specific tissue types, exploring in-vivo applications for regenerative medicine, integrating LivGels with 3D bioprinting platforms and investigating potential in dynamic wearable or implantable devices.”